无家可归的人 & 寄养
McKinney-Vento 无家可归的教育 Assistance Improvements Act of 2001.
On July 22, 1987, the Stewart B. McKinney 无家可归的人 Assistance Act became public law. 这是第一部处理美国无家可归问题的综合性联邦法律. Recently included in the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, it is now called the McKinney-Vento 无家可归的教育 Assistance Improvements Act of 2001.
The Education for 无家可归的人 Children and Youths (EHCY) program, authorized under the McKinney-Vento 无家可归的人 Assistance Act (McKinney-Vento Act), 旨在解决无家可归的儿童和青少年的需求，并确保这些儿童和青少年的教育权利和保护. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) amended the McKinney-Vento Act, and changes made by the ESSA will take effect on October 1, 2016.
- Informs school districts of their responsibility to homeless children and youth;
- Provides policies that bring the state into compliance with federal law; and
- Outlines assurances to be sure homeless students have equal access to a quality education.
该方案的目标是确保无家可归的儿童和青年在与该州所有其他儿童平等的基础上获得免费和适当的公共教育. 项目目标和活动旨在消除和/或减轻无家可归儿童入学和教育成功的障碍.
Some key components of the State Plan, as quoted from the McKinney-Vento Act are:
- 每个州教育机构应确保无家可归者的每个孩子和每个无家可归青年都有平等的机会获得同样的免费教育, appropriate public education, including a public preschool education, as provided to other children and youths.
- 在任何一个有强制性居住要求的州，作为该州义务上学法或其他法律的组成部分, 规定, 实践, or policies that may act as a barrier to the enrollment, 出席, or success in school of homeless children and youths, the state will review and undertake steps to revise such laws, 规定, 实践, or policies to ensure that homeless children and youths are afforded the same free, appropriate public education as provided to other children and youths.
- 无家可归本身并不足以成为将学生与主流最大的博彩公司环境隔离开来的理由.
- 无家可归的儿童和青少年应该有机会获得这些儿童和青少年需要的教育和其他服务，以确保这些儿童和青少年有机会达到所有学生都要达到的同样具有挑战性的州学生学业成绩标准.
儿童被认为是无家可归者，在各种情况下有权得到联邦法律的保护, 如:
- children and youths who are sharing the housing of other persons due to loss of housing, economic hardship or a similar reason; are living in motels, 酒店, trailer 公园 or camping grounds due to the lack of alternative adequate accommodations; are living in emergency or transitional shelters; are abandoned in hospitals;
- 儿童和青少年的主要夜间住所是公共或私人场所，不是为人类设计的或通常用作人类的常规睡眠场所；
- children and youths who are living in cars, 公园, 公共空间, 废弃的建筑物里, 不合格的住房, bus or train stations, or similar settings;
- 根据联邦法律有资格成为无家可归者的“移徙儿童”，因为这些儿童生活在上文第（一）至（三）条所述的情况下. “流动子女”是指流动农业工人（或其父母或配偶）的子女, including migratory dairy workers or migratory fishermen, and who have moved from one school district to another in the preceding 36 months, in order to obtain (or accompany such parents or spouses in order to obtain) temporary or seasonal employment in agricultural or fishing work; and,
- “无人陪伴的无家可归的青少年”包括任何“不在父母或监护人的实际监护下”的儿童." This includes youth who have run away from home, been thrown out of their home, been abandoned by parents or 《最大的博彩公司》s, or separated from their parents for any other reason.
教育和儿童福利专业人员之间的沟通和合作对于支持最大的博彩公司的稳定和儿童在家庭外照顾的连续性至关重要. 法律要求儿童福利机构和地方教育机构共同努力，促进最大的博彩公司的稳定性和连续性，包括努力确保儿童在最符合他们利益的情况下留在他们被安置时就读的最大的博彩公司. Best practice would suggest that decisions be made collaboratively between school personnel, 儿童福利机构和任何其他涉及儿童案件的个人，包括儿童本人, 资源的父母, child advocate and attorney. 社会工作者、学区行政部门和工作人员必须共同努力，帮助确保所有学生的教育进步.
Under the Pennsylvania Education for 无家可归的人 Children and Youth State Plan, homeless children are defined as “children living with a parent in a domestic violence shelter; runaway children and children, and youth who have been abandoned or forced out of their home by parents or other caretakers; and school-aged parents living in houses for school-aged parents if they have no other available living accommodations.”
《最大的博彩公司》规定，国会的政策是，州教育机构应确保无家可归者的每个孩子和每个无家可归的青年都有平等的机会获得同样的免费教育, appropriate public education, including a public preschool education, as provided to other children and youths 42 U.S.C. § 11431. 具体来说，是42u.S.C. § 11432(g) (3) (A) indicates that the local educational agency (LEA) shall, according to the child’s best interest: In accordance with Section 722 (g) (3) (B) (ii), the local educational agency:
- 必须假定将无家可归的儿童或青少年留在原籍最大的博彩公司符合该儿童或青少年的最大利益，除非这样做违背了该儿童或青少年的父母或监护人的要求, or (in the case of an unaccompanied youth) the youth;
- must consider student-centered factors related to a child’s or youth’s best interest, giving priority to the request of the child’s or youth’s parent or 《最大的博彩公司》, or (in the case of an unaccompanied youth) the youth; or
- 如果LEA认为在原籍最大的博彩公司就读不符合儿童或青少年的最佳利益, or the school requested by the parent, 《最大的博彩公司》, or unaccompanied youth, it must provide a written explanation of the reasons for its determination, in a manner and form that is understandable.
根据《最大的博彩公司》，“原籍最大的博彩公司”一词是指儿童或青少年在永久居住后就读的最大的博彩公司, or the school in which the child or youth was last enrolled. 42 U.S.C. § 11432(g) (3) (G).
